it proved a success

1. 1) доказывать

2) удостоверять, подтверждать документами; (за)свидетельствовать

2. арх.

1) испытывать, пробовать

2) спец. подвергать испытанию, испытывать

3. оказываться

4. показывать; демонстрировать

5. мат. проверять

6. полигр. получать пробный оттиск

7. горн. разведывать

8. кул. производить расстойку ( теста)

9. испытывать, переживать

1) (to show to be true or correct: This fact proves his guilt; He was proved guilty; Can you prove your theory?) dokazati

2) (to turn out, or be found, to be: His suspicions proved (to be) correct; This tool proved very useful.) pokazati se

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- proven

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izkazati, dokazati; juridically potrditi, dokazati veljavnost (resničnost); izpovedati, pričati, nazorno pokazati; (tudi technical) preizkusiti ( a ŋd remedy preizkušeno zdravilo);

pokazati se, izkazati se; uresničiti se, iziti se, izteči se

to prove o.s. — obnesti se, izkazati se

to prove otherwise — izteči se drugače

it proved a success — uspelo je

[pru:v]

prove оказываться; the play proved a success пьеса имела успех prove полигр. делать пробный оттиск; prove out подтверждать(ся) prove доказывать; удостоверять; подтверждать prove доказывать, удостоверять, подтверждать prove доказывать prove испытывать, пробовать prove испытывать, пробовать prove испытывать prove оказываться; the play proved a success пьеса имела успех prove оказываться prove подтверждать документами prove мат. проверять prove свидетельствовать prove удостоверять prove юр. утверждать (завещание) prove утверждать (завещание) prove утверждать prove полигр. делать пробный оттиск; prove out подтверждать(ся)

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications

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He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.

At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.

Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.

He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.

Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.

Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.

Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.

In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.

On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.

Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.

In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.

In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.

In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.

In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.

In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.

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prove [pru:v] v

1) дока́зывать; удостоверя́ть; подтвержда́ть

2) ока́зываться;

3) мат. проверя́ть

4) юр. утвержда́ть ( завещание)

5) полигр. де́лать про́бный о́ттиск

6) уст. испы́тывать, про́бовать

1) доказывать; удостоверять; подтверждать

2) испытывать, пробовать

3) оказываться; the play proved a success пьеса имела успех

4) math. проверять

5) leg. утверждать (завещание)

6) typ. делать пробный оттиск

prove out

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(v) доказать; доказывать

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демонстрировать

доведите

довести

доводить

докажите

доказать

доказывать

досказать

досказывать

испытывать

оказываться

подтверждать

показывать

пробовать

удостоверять

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1) дово́дити; засві́дчувати; підтве́рджувати

2) заст. випробо́вувати

3) виявля́тися

4) юр. затве́рджувати ( заповіт)

5) мат. перевіря́ти

6) друк. роби́ти про́бний відби́ток

[pruːv]transitive verb, p.p. proved or proven ['pruːvn] beweisen; nachweisen [Identität]

proved or proven

proved or proven (be found to be) sich erweisen als

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1) (to show to be true or correct: This fact proves his guilt; He was proved guilty; Can you prove your theory?) beweisen

2) (to turn out, or be found, to be: His suspicions proved (to be) correct; This tool proved very useful.) sich erweisen als

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- academic.ru/58608/proven">proven

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<-d, -d or AM usu proven>

I. vt

1. (establish)

▪ to \prove sth etw beweisen

to \prove the truth of sth die Richtigkeit von etw dat nachweisen

to \prove a point beweisen, dass man Recht hat

2. (show)

▪ to \prove oneself sb/sth:

during the rescue she \proved herself to be a highly competent climber während der Rettungsaktion erwies sie sich als sehr geübte Kletterin

▪ to \prove oneself sth sich dat selbst etw beweisen

II. vi

1. + n, adj sich akk erweisen

working with children \proved to require more patience than he'd expected mit Kindern zu arbeiten erforderte mehr Geduld, als er gedacht hatte

to \prove successful sich akk als erfolgreich erweisen

2. BRIT (rise) dough gehen lassen

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1. vt

1) (= verify) beweisen; will beglaubigen

2) (= test out, put to the proof) rifle, aircraft etc erproben; one's worth, courage unter Beweis stellen, beweisen

3) (COOK) dough gehen lassen

2. vi

1) (COOK dough) gehen

2)

3. vr

1) (= show one's value, courage etc) sich bewähren

2)

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prove [pruːv]

A v/t prät proved, pperf proved, besonders US proven

1. er-, nach-, beweisen:

prove sth to sb jemandem etwas beweisen;

prove to o.s. that … sich beweisen, dass …;

prove adultery beweisen, dass Ehebruch vorliegt;

prove one’s alibi sein Alibi nachweisen;

prove one’s case beweisen, dass man recht hat;

prove by chemical tests chemisch nachweisen;

prove sb guilty jemandes Schuld erweisen; → right A 2, wrong A 1

2. JUR ein Testament bestätigen (lassen)

3. bekunden, unter Beweis stellen, zeigen

4. auch TECH prüfen, erproben, einer (Material)Prüfung unterziehen:

a proved remedy ein erprobtes oder bewährtes Mittel;

a) sich bewähren,

b) sich beweisen,

c) sich erweisen als; → proving 1

5. MATH die Probe machen auf (akk)

B v/i

1. sich herausstellen oder erweisen als:

prove (to be) necessary;

prove a great success;

his fears proved groundless;

he will prove (to be) the heir es wird sich herausstellen, dass er der Erbe ist;

a) sich als richtig (falsch) herausstellen,

b) sich (nicht) bestätigen (Voraussage etc)

2. sich bestätigen oder bewähren als

3. ausfallen, sich ergeben:

it will prove otherwise es wird anders kommen oder ausfallen

4. aufgehen (Teig)

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[pruːv]transitive verb, p.p. proved or proven ['pruːvn] beweisen; nachweisen [Identität]

proved or proven

proved or proven (be found to be) sich erweisen als

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zweifelsfrei beweisen (feststellen) ausdr. (to be) very useful expr.

sich als nützlich erweisen ausdr. v.

besagen v.

beweisen v.

erproben v.

erweisen v.

prüfen v.

1) prove the rule (the contrary, the necessity of a reform, the roundness of the earth, etc.) доказывать правило и т.д., приводить доказательства правила и т.д.; prove one's point of view (the truth of the statement, smb.'s claim, etc.) аргументировать /мотивировать/ свою точку зрения и т.д.; prove one's good will доказывать свое доброе отношение; prove this theory (this doctrine) обосновывать данную теорию (доктрину); prove theorems доказывать теоремы; prove the fact (one's identity, smb.'s innocence, one's achievements, etc.) доказывать /подтверждать/ факт и т.д.; it proves his abilities (her honesty, their achievements, the peace of her soul, a man's worth, etc.) это свидетельствует /говорит/ о его способностях и т.д.; can you prove it? вы можете доказать это?; he was unable to prove the truth of what he said он был не в состоянии обосновать /доказать/ правильность своих положений; the exception proves the rule исключение лишь подтверждает правило; prove a will юр. доказать или установить подлинность завещания, утвердить завещание

2) prove a new type of aeroplane (a new gun, gunpowder, etc.) испытывать новый тип самолета и т.д.; prove ore (minerals, etc.) определять качество или состав породы и т.д.; prove gold определять пробу золота; prove smb.'s patience испытывать чье-л. терпение

гл.; прош. вр. proved; прич. прош. вр. proved, proven

1)

а) доказывать

б) удостоверять; подтверждать документами

2)

а) испытывать, пробовать

б) тех. подвергать испытанию технических характеристик

3) мат. осуществлять проверку ( вычислений)

4) ( prove oneself) самоутверждаться

5) юр. утверждать ( завещание)

6) подтверждать, оправдывать (какое-л. качество)

7) полигр. делать пробный оттиск

8) оказываться, показывать на практике

•

- prove out

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Engerth was Chairman of the judges for the Semmering Locomotive Trials, held in 1851 to find locomotives suitable for working the sharply curved and steeply graded section of the Vienna-Trieste railway that was being built over the Semmering Pass, the first of the transalpine main lines. When none of the four locomotives entered proved suitable, Engerth designed his own. Six coupled wheels were at the fore part of the locomotive, with the connecting rods driving the rear pair: at the back of the locomotive the frames of the tender were extended forward on either side of the firebox, the front wheels of the tender were ahead of it, and the two parts were connected by a spherical pivot ahead of these. Part of the locomotive's weight was carried by the tender portion, and the two pairs of tender wheels were coupled by rods and powered by a geared drive from the axle of the rear driving-wheels. The powered drive to the tender wheels proved a failure, but the remaining characteristics of the locomotive, namely short rigid wheel-base, large firebox, flexibility and good tracking on curves (as drawbar pull was close behind the driving axle), were sufficient for the type to be a success. It was used on many railways in Europe and examples in modified form were built in Spain as recently as 1956. Engerth became General Manager of the Austro-Hungarian State Railway Company and designed successful flood-prevention works on the Danube at Vienna.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Heathcote was the son of a small farmer who became blind, obliging the family to move to Long Whatton, near Loughborough, c.1790. He was apprenticed to W.Shepherd, a hosiery-machine maker, and became a frame-smith in the hosiery industry. He moved to Nottingham where he entered the employment of an excellent machine maker named Elliott. He later joined William Caldwell of Hathern, whose daughter he had married. The lace-making apparatus they patented jointly in 1804 had already been anticipated, so Heathcote turned to the problem of making pillow lace, a cottage industry in which women made lace by arranging pins stuck in a pillow in the correct pattern and winding around them thread contained on thin bobbins. He began by analysing the complicated hand-woven lace into simple warp and weft threads and found he could dispense with half the bobbins. The first machine he developed and patented, in 1808, made narrow lace an inch or so wide, but the following year he made much broader lace on an improved version. In his second patent, in 1809, he could make a type of net curtain, Brussels lace, without patterns. His machine made bobbin-net by the use of thin brass discs, between which the thread was wound. As they passed through the warp threads, which were arranged vertically, the warp threads were moved to each side in turn, so as to twist the bobbin threads round the warp threads. The bobbins were in two rows to save space, and jogged on carriages in grooves along a bar running the length of the machine. As the strength of this fabric depended upon bringing the bobbin threads diagonally across, in addition to the forward movement, the machine had to provide for a sideways movement of each bobbin every time the lengthwise course was completed. A high standard of accuracy in manufacture was essential for success. Called the "Old Loughborough", it was acknowledged to be the most complicated machine so far produced. In partnership with a man named Charles Lacy, who supplied the necessary capital, a factory was established at Loughborough that proved highly successful; however, their fifty-five frames were destroyed by Luddites in 1816. Heathcote was awarded damages of £10,000 by the county of Nottingham on the condition it was spent locally, but to avoid further interference he decided to transfer not only his machines but his entire workforce elsewhere and refused the money. In a disused woollen factory at Tiverton in Devonshire, powered by the waters of the river Exe, he built 300 frames of greater width and speed. By continually making inventions and improvements until he retired in 1843, his business flourished and he amassed a large fortune. He patented one machine for silk cocoon-reeling and another for plaiting or braiding. In 1825 he brought out two patents for the mechanical ornamentation or figuring of lace. He acquired a sound knowledge of French prior to opening a steam-powered lace factory in France. The factory proved to be a successful venture that lasted many years. In 1832 he patented a monstrous steam plough that is reputed to have cost him over £12,000 and was claimed to be the best in its day. One of its stated aims was "improved methods of draining land", which he hoped would develop agriculture in Ireland. A cable was used to haul the implement across the land. From 1832 to 1859, Heathcote represented Tiverton in Parliament and, among other benefactions, he built a school for his adopted town.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

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Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.

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1) (avoiding grasp or pursuit) schwer zu erreichen [Person]; schwer zu fassen [Straftäter]; scheu [Fuchs, Waldbewohner]

2) (short-lived) flüchtig [Freude, Glück]

3) (hard to define) schwer definierbar

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adjective (escaping or vanishing, often or cleverly: an elusive criminal.) schwer faßbar

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1. (evasive) ausweichend

he was a very \elusive person er war so jemand, der ständig ausweicht

2. (difficult to obtain) schwer fassbar

\elusive meaning schwer definierbare Bedeutung

\elusive memory schlechtes Gedächtnis, schwache Erinnerung

\elusive thought flüchtiger Gedanke

3. (avoiding pursuit) schwer zu fassen

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1) truth schwer fassbar; goal, target, success schwer erreichbar; (= unattainable) unerreichbar

2) person schwer zu erreichen; animal scheu; prey schwer zu fangen

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elusive [-sıv] adj (adv elusively)

1. schwer fassbar (Dieb etc), ausweichend (Antwort)

2. schwer (er)fassbar oder bestimmbar oder definierbar

3. unzuverlässig, schlecht (Gedächtnis)

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1) (avoiding grasp or pursuit) schwer zu erreichen [Person]; schwer zu fassen [Straftäter]; scheu [Fuchs, Waldbewohner]

2) (short-lived) flüchtig [Freude, Glück]

3) (hard to define) schwer definierbar

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trügerisch adj.

unglaublich adj.

1) no pl. (act) Befriedigung, die

2) no pl. (feeling of gratification) Befriedigung, die (at, with über + Akk.); Genugtuung, die (at, with über + Akk.)

3) no pl. (gratified state)

4) (instance of gratification) Befriedigung, die

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1) (the act of satisfying or state of being satisfied: the satisfaction of desires.) die Befriedigung

2) (pleasure or contentment: Your success gives me great satisfaction.) die Befriedigung

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[ˌsætɪsˈfækʃ^ən, AM ˌsæt̬-]

1. (fulfilment) Zufriedenheit f, Befriedigung f

sb derives [or obtains] \satisfaction from [or out of] [doing] sth etw bereitet jdm [große] Befriedigung

▪ to do sth to sb's \satisfaction etw zu jds Zufriedenheit tun

\satisfaction guaranteed or your money back! Geld-zurück-Garantie bei Unzufriedenheit!

sth has its \satisfactions etw verschafft Befriedigung

2. (sth producing fulfilment) Genugtuung f geh

▪ to be a \satisfaction [to sb] [jdm] eine Genugtuung sein

to my great \satisfaction zu meiner großen Genugtuung

3. (state of being convinced) Zufriedenheit f

▪ to the \satisfaction of sb zu jds Zufriedenheit

to the \satisfaction of the court zur Zufriedenstellung des Gerichts

4. (compensation) Schadensersatz m

to demand \satisfaction Schadensersatz fordern [o verlangen] ( from von + dat)

5. ( hist form: challenge to a duel)

to demand \satisfaction Genugtuung fordern

6. LAW (acceptance of money/goods) Befriedigung f eines Anspruches; (payment) Zufriedenstellung f

in \satisfaction of a claim/debt in Erfüllung eines Anspruchs/in Begleichung einer Schuld

accord and \satisfaction vergleichsweise Erfüllung

memorandum of \satisfaction Löschungsbewilligung f

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1) (= act) (of person, needs, creditors, curiosity etc) Befriedigung f; (of debt) Begleichung f, Tilgung f; (of employer etc) Zufriedenstellung f; (of ambition) Verwirklichung f; (of conditions, contract) Erfüllung f

2) Zufriedenheit f (at mit)

3)

4) (= redress) Genugtuung f, Satisfaktion f (old)

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satisfaction [ˌsætısˈfækʃn] s

1. Befriedigung f, Zufriedenstellung f:

find satisfaction in Befriedigung finden in (dat);

give satisfaction befriedigen ( → 4)

2. (at, with) Zufriedenheit f (mit), Befriedigung f, Genugtuung f (über akk):

to the satisfaction of all zur Zufriedenheit aller;

with satisfaction zufrieden;

“satisfaction or money back” „bei Nichtgefallen Geld zurück“

3. REL Sühne f

4. Satisfaktion f, Genugtuung f (Duell etc):

make ( oder give) satisfaction Genugtuung leisten ( → 1)

5. besonders JUR

a) Befriedigung f (eines Anspruchs, eines Gläubigers)

b) Erfüllung f (einer Bedingung, eines Urteils), Bezahlung f (einer Schuld):

in satisfaction of zur Befriedigung etc (gen)

6. Überzeugung f, Gewissheit f:

show to the court’s satisfaction JUR einwandfrei glaubhaft machen

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1) no pl. (act) Befriedigung, die

2) no pl. (feeling of gratification) Befriedigung, die (at, with über + Akk.); Genugtuung, die (at, with über + Akk.)

3) no pl. (gratified state)

4) (instance of gratification) Befriedigung, die

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Befriedigung f.

Genugtuung f.

Zufriedenheit f.

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Photography, film and optics, Synthetic materials

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The son of an illiterate shoemaker, Baekeland was first apprenticed in that trade, but was encouraged by his mother to study, with spectacular results. He won a scholarship to Gand University and graduated in chemistry. Before he was 21 he had achieved his doctorate, and soon afterwards he obtained professorships at Bruges and then at Gand. Baekeland seemed set for a distinguished academic career, but he turned towards the industrial applications of chemistry, especially in photography.

Baekeland travelled to New York to further this interest, but his first inventions met with little success so he decided to concentrate on one that seemed to have distinct commercial possibilities. This was a photographic paper that could be developed in artificial light; he called this "gas light" paper Velox, using the less sensitive silver chloride as a light-sensitive agent. It proved to have good properties and was easy to use, at a time of photography's rising popularity. By 1896 the process began to be profitable, and three years later Baekeland disposed of his plant to Eastman Kodak for a handsome sum, said to be $3–4 million. That enabled him to retire from business and set up a laboratory at Yonkers to pursue his own research, including on synthetic resins. Several chemists had earlier obtained resinous products from the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde but had ignored them. By 1907 Baekeland had achieved sufficient control over the reaction to obtain a good thermosetting resin which he called "Bakélite". It showed good electrical insulation and resistance to chemicals, and was unchanged by heat. It could be moulded while plastic and would then set hard on heating, with its only drawback being its brittleness. Bakelite was an immediate success in the electrical industry and Baekeland set up the General Bakelite Company in 1910 to manufacture and market the product. The firm grew steadily, becoming the Bakélite Corporation in 1924, with Baekeland still as active President.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Clerke, from Launde Abbey in Leicestershire, was involved in early experiments to smelt lead using coal fuel, which was believed to have been located on the Leicestershire-Derbyshire border. Concurrently, Lord Grandison was financing experiments at Bristol for similar purposes, causing the downfall of an earlier unsuccessful patented method before securing his own patent in 1678. In that same year Clerke took over management of the Bristol works, claiming the ability to secure financial return from Grandison's methods. Financial success proved elusive, although the technical problems of adapting the reverberatory furnace to coal fuel appear to have been solved when Clerke was found to have established another lead works nearby on his own account. He was forced to cease work on lead in 1684 in respect of Grandison's patent rights. Clerke then turned to investigations into the coal-fired smelting of other metals and started to smelt copper in coal-fired reverberatory furnaces. By 1688–9 small supplied of merchantable copper were offered for sale in London in order to pay his workers, possibly because of further financial troubles. The practical success of his smelting innovation is widely acknowledged to have been the responsibility of John Coster and, to a smaller extent, Gabriel Wayne, both of whom left Clerke and set up separate works elsewhere. Clerke's son Talbot took over administration of his father's works, which declined still further and closed c. 1693, at about the time of Sir Clement's death. Both Coster and Wayne continued to develop smelting techniques, establishing a new British industry in the smelting of copper with coal.

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